PMID- 38283512
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240131
IS  - 2168-8184 (Print)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Electronic)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 12
DP  - 2023 Dec
TI  - Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Management, and Promising Therapeutic Target.
PG  - e51228
LID - 10.7759/cureus.51228 [doi]
LID - e51228
AB  - Acute kidney injury (AKI) is caused by a sudden loss of renal function, resulting 
      in the build-up of waste products and a significant increase in mortality and 
      morbidity. It is commonly diagnosed in critically ill patients, with its 
      occurrence estimated at up to 50% in patients hospitalized in the intensive 
      critical unit. Despite ongoing efforts, the death rate associated with AKI has 
      remained high over the past half-century. Thus, it is critical to investigate 
      novel therapy options for preventing the epidemic. Many studies have found that 
      inflammation and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) activation have a significant role 
      in the pathogenesis of AKI. Noteworthy, challenges in the search for efficient 
      pharmacological therapy for AKI have arisen due to the multifaceted origin and 
      complexity of the clinical history of people with the disease. This article 
      focuses on kidney injury's epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiological 
      processes. Specifically, it focuses on the role of TLRs especially type 4 in 
      disease development.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023, Almazmomi et al.
FAU - Almazmomi, Meaad A
AU  - Almazmomi MA
AD  - Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, 
      Jeddah, SAU.
AD  - Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 
      SAU.
FAU - Esmat, Ahmed
AU  - Esmat A
AD  - Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 
      SAU.
FAU - Naeem, Anjum
AU  - Naeem A
AD  - Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, 
      Jeddah, SAU.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20231228
PL  - United States
TA  - Cureus
JT  - Cureus
JID - 101596737
PMC - PMC10821757
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - acute kidney injury
OT  - cytokine storm
OT  - inflammation
OT  - therapeutic
OT  - tlr-4
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2024/01/29 06:43
MHDA- 2024/01/29 06:44
PMCR- 2023/12/28
CRDT- 2024/01/29 04:31
PHST- 2023/12/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/01/29 06:44 [medline]
PHST- 2024/01/29 06:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/01/29 04:31 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/12/28 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.7759/cureus.51228 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cureus. 2023 Dec 28;15(12):e51228. doi: 10.7759/cureus.51228. eCollection 2023 
      Dec.