PMID- 38334279
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20240214
LR  - 20240214
IS  - 2047-2986 (Electronic)
IS  - 2047-2978 (Print)
IS  - 2047-2978 (Linking)
VI  - 14
DP  - 2024 Feb 9
TI  - Prevalence, trend, and inequality of prolonged exclusive breastfeeding among 
      children aged 6-23 months old in India from 1992-2021: A cross-sectional study of 
      nationally representative, individual-level data.
PG  - 04026
LID - 10.7189/jogh.14.04026 [doi]
LID - 04026
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding (PEB) for children older than six 
      months old is a threat to appropriate complementary feeding practices. This study 
      aims to examine the trend of PEB among children aged 6-23 months in India. 
      METHODS: We adopted five waves of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data 
      between 1992-93 and 2019-21. PEB was defined as children aged six months and 
      above currently consuming breastmilk as the only source of energy, protein and 
      micronutrients. We generated descriptive statistics and a series of multivariable 
      logistic regressions to estimate the prevalence and trend in the PEB rate. 
      Moreover, we assessed how child age and socioeconomic factors (i.e. child gender 
      and age, place of residence, household wealth, and maternal education) were 
      related with PEB using mutually and single-adjusted model. RESULTS: There were 
      184 891 Indian children aged 6-23 months old included in this study with 48.0% 
      being female. We found that the proportion of PEB increased from 4.3% in 1992 to 
      7.7% in 2021, of which the rate for children aged six-eight months rose from 14.0 
      to 20.1%. Our results showed that children who were from poorer households or 
      with lower-educated mothers were more likely to experience prolonged exclusive 
      breastfed. Take the year of 2019-21 as an example, compared to the households of 
      the richest quintile, children from households of the poorer quintile were 
      significantly more likely to experience PEB, with odds ratio (OR) of 1.33 (95% 
      confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.61). Moreover, children with illiterate mothers 
      had 21% higher odds of having prolonged exclusively breastfeeding (OR = 1.21; 95% 
      CI = 1.01-1.44) compared with children with mothers who have college and above 
      education. CONCLUSIONS: PEB among children over six months old is prevalent in 
      India, particularly among children from disadvantaged households. Poverty 
      reduction and maternal education are of great potential importance for 
      policymakers to promote appropriate complementary feeding practice.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2024 by the Journal of Global Health. All rights reserved.
FAU - Chen, Zekun
AU  - Chen Z
AD  - Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
FAU - Sharma, Smriti
AU  - Sharma S
AD  - Mother Infant and Young Child Nutrition, Tata Trusts, Delhi, India.
FAU - Chen, Shaoru
AU  - Chen S
AD  - Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
FAU - Kim, Rockli
AU  - Kim R
AD  - Division of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea 
      University, Seoul, South Korea.
AD  - Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health 
      Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
FAU - Subramanian, S V
AU  - Subramanian SV
AD  - Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public 
      Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
AD  - Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
      USA.
FAU - Li, Zhihui
AU  - Li Z
AD  - Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
AD  - Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20240209
PL  - Scotland
TA  - J Glob Health
JT  - Journal of global health
JID - 101578780
SB  - IM
MH  - Child
MH  - Humans
MH  - Female
MH  - Infant
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Male
MH  - *Breast Feeding
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Prevalence
MH  - *Mothers/education
MH  - India/epidemiology
PMC - PMC10854209
COIS- Disclosure of interest: The authors completed the ICMJE Disclosure of Interest 
      Form (available upon request from the corresponding author) and disclose no 
      relevant interests.
EDAT- 2024/02/09 12:44
MHDA- 2024/02/10 14:51
PMCR- 2024/02/09
CRDT- 2024/02/09 08:03
PHST- 2024/02/10 14:51 [medline]
PHST- 2024/02/09 12:44 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/02/09 08:03 [entrez]
PHST- 2024/02/09 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - jogh-14-04026 [pii]
AID - 10.7189/jogh.14.04026 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Glob Health. 2024 Feb 9;14:04026. doi: 10.7189/jogh.14.04026.