PMID- 38338036
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240212
IS  - 2076-2615 (Print)
IS  - 2076-2615 (Electronic)
IS  - 2076-2615 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 3
DP  - 2024 Jan 25
TI  - Evaluation of Extended Storage of Swine Complete Feed for Inactivation of Viral 
      Contamination and Effect on Nutritional, Microbiological, and Toxicological 
      Profiles.
LID - 10.3390/ani14030393 [doi]
LID - 393
AB  - The extended storage of feed ingredients has been suggested as a method to 
      mitigate the risk of pathogen transmission through contaminated ingredients. To 
      validate the approach of extended storage of complete swine feed for the 
      inactivation of swine viruses, an experiment was conducted wherein swine feed was 
      inoculated with 10 mL of 1 x 10(5) TCID(50)/mL of porcine reproductive and 
      respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and 
      Senecavirus A (SVA) and stored for 58 d at 23.9  degrees C. Measures of feed quality were 
      also evaluated at the initiation and conclusion of the storage period including 
      screening for mycotoxins, characterization of select microbiological measures, 
      and stability of phytase and dietary vitamins. Storing feed for 58 d under either 
      ambient or anaerobic and temperature-controlled storage conditions did not result 
      in substantial concerns related to microbiological profiles. Upon exposure to the 
      feed following 58 d of storage in a swine bioassay, previously confirmed naive 
      pigs showed no signs of PEDV or SVA replication as detected by the PCR screening 
      of oral fluids and serum antibody screening. Infection with SVA was documented in 
      the positive control room through diagnostic testing through the State of 
      Minnesota. For PRRSV, the positive control room demonstrated infection. For rooms 
      consuming inoculated feed stored for 58 d, there was no evidence of PRRSV 
      infection with the exception of unintentional aerosol transmission via a 
      documented biocontainment breach. In summary, storing feed for 58 d at anaerobic 
      and temperature-controlled environmental conditions of 23.9  degrees C validates that the 
      extended storage of complete swine feed can be a method to reduce risks 
      associated with pathogen transmission through feed while having minimal effects 
      on measures of nutritional quality.
FAU - Gebhardt, Jordan T
AU  - Gebhardt JT
AD  - Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 
      Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
FAU - Dee, Scott A
AU  - Dee SA
AD  - Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN 56164, 
      USA.
FAU - Little, Erin
AU  - Little E
AD  - Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN 56164, 
      USA.
FAU - Scales, Brittney N
AU  - Scales BN
AD  - eGenesis, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
FAU - Kern, Doug R
AU  - Kern DR
AUID- ORCID: 0009-0006-0828-5014
AD  - eGenesis, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - N/A/eGenesis/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20240125
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Animals (Basel)
JT  - Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
JID - 101635614
PMC - PMC10854509
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - PEDV
OT  - PRRSV
OT  - SVA
OT  - feed
OT  - quality
OT  - swine
OT  - virus
COIS- Brittney Scales and Doug Kern are present and past employees of eGenesis who 
      provided project funding for this research. The authors declare no further 
      conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2024/02/10 10:43
MHDA- 2024/02/10 10:44
PMCR- 2024/01/25
CRDT- 2024/02/10 01:06
PHST- 2023/11/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2024/01/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2024/01/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/02/10 10:44 [medline]
PHST- 2024/02/10 10:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/02/10 01:06 [entrez]
PHST- 2024/01/25 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ani14030393 [pii]
AID - animals-14-00393 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ani14030393 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Animals (Basel). 2024 Jan 25;14(3):393. doi: 10.3390/ani14030393.