PMID- 38387626
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20240327
LR  - 20240327
IS  - 1879-0003 (Electronic)
IS  - 0141-8130 (Linking)
VI  - 263
IP  - Pt 2
DP  - 2024 Apr
TI  - Characterization and investigation of cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties 
      of coencapsulated limonene and thymol into the Ferula assafoetida gum 
      microparticles.
PG  - 130338
LID - S0141-8130(24)01141-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130338 [doi]
AB  - Thymol (Th) and d-limonene (L) exhibit low stability and are prone to oxidation 
      when exposed to air, light, humidity, and high temperatures. This study examined 
      the coencapsulation of Th and L into Ferula assafoetida gum (AFG) microparticles. 
      Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform 
      infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) were done to 
      characterize the obtained complexes. Furthermore, the encapsulation efficiency, 
      antibacterial properties, cytotoxicity, and anticancer properties of both the 
      free and encapsulated forms of L and Th were measured. For all samples, by 
      increasing the percentage of bioactive compound (L, Th, and L-Th) from 2.5 to 5 % 
      w/w, the EE was increased. FTIR and XRD analysis results demonstrated that Th and 
      L were successfully incorporated into the AFG. Additionally, thermogravimetric 
      analysis showed that in the thermal graphs of all samples, the first weight loss 
      occurred between 30  degrees C and 160  degrees C, which was due to the evaporation of water. In 
      the free L and Th graph, a sharp reduction peak was observed in which 80 % of 
      compounds were lost. These reduction peaks disappeared in the thermal graphs of 
      L: AFG and Th: AFG revealing that the thermal stability of Th and L was 
      significantly increased upon their incorporation into the AFG. The inclusion of 
      Th into the AFG also led to an increase in its antibacterial activity, while L 
      exhibited acceptable antibacterial activity, albeit not as high as Th. 
      Additionally, according to the MIC results, Th: AFG had the best antibacterial 
      activity among all compounds, especially on gram-positive bacteria. According to 
      the result of the MTT assay, there was a significant difference between the 
      IC(50) of free Th (123.4 mug/ml) and Th: AFG (2312 mug/ml), and free L (1762 mug/ml) 
      and L: AFG (2480 mug/ml) showing that encapsulated Th and L into the AFG has 
      decreased the cytotoxicity of free compounds against L929 cell line. Also, Th: 
      AFG had the best anticancer activity against Hella and CT26 cell lines among all 
      compounds. Finally, the flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the 
      encapsulated particles effectively eliminated cancer cells. The outcomes imply 
      that AFG can be employed as a suitable delivery system to enhance the use of Th 
      and L into the food and pharmaceutical industries.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.
FAU - Tashakor, Amir Hossein
AU  - Tashakor AH
AD  - Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical 
      Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
FAU - Rezaei, Atefe
AU  - Rezaei A
AD  - Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, 
      Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical 
      Sciences, P.O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran.
FAU - Fouladseresht, Hamed
AU  - Fouladseresht H
AD  - Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical 
      Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
FAU - Mansury, Davood
AU  - Mansury D
AD  - Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical 
      Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Electronic address: mansuryd@med.mui.ac.ir.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20240220
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Int J Biol Macromol
JT  - International journal of biological macromolecules
JID - 7909578
RN  - 3J50XA376E (Thymol)
RN  - 9MC3I34447 (Limonene)
RN  - 0 (Anti-Infective Agents)
RN  - 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
SB  - IM
MH  - Thymol/pharmacology
MH  - Limonene
MH  - *Ferula/chemistry
MH  - *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology
MH  - Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Antimicrobial
OT  - Cytotoxicity
OT  - Encapsulation
OT  - Ferula assafoetida gum
OT  - Thymol
OT  - d-Limonene
COIS- Declaration of competing interest There are no conflicts of interest to declare. 
      Grant ID: 3400946. Funder: Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
EDAT- 2024/02/23 00:43
MHDA- 2024/03/27 06:43
CRDT- 2024/02/22 19:15
PHST- 2023/12/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2024/02/10 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2024/02/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/03/27 06:43 [medline]
PHST- 2024/02/23 00:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/02/22 19:15 [entrez]
AID - S0141-8130(24)01141-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130338 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Apr;263(Pt 2):130338. doi: 
      10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130338. Epub 2024 Feb 20.