PMID- 38405137
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20240227
LR  - 20240306
IS  - 1664-2392 (Print)
IS  - 1664-2392 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-2392 (Linking)
VI  - 15
DP  - 2024
TI  - Association between urinary organophosphate ester metabolite exposure and thyroid 
      disease risk among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 
      2011-2014.
PG  - 1329247
LID - 10.3389/fendo.2024.1329247 [doi]
LID - 1329247
AB  - BACKGROUND: Organophosphate esters (OPEs) may interfere with thyroid function, 
      but the relationship between OPEs and thyroid disease remains unclear. This study 
      aims to elucidate the relationship between OPEs exposure and thyroid disease risk 
      in the general population in the United States. METHOD: Data were obtained from 
      the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycle. All 
      participants were tested for seven OPE metabolites in their urine and answered 
      questions about whether they had thyroid disease through questionnaires. Logistic 
      regression was employed to analyze the association between exposure to individual 
      OPE metabolites and thyroid disease. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression 
      modeling was utilized to assess exposure to mixed OPE metabolites and risk of 
      thyroid disease. Bayesian kernel machine regression(BKMR) models to analyze the 
      overall mixed effect of OPE metabolites. RESULT: A total of 2,449 participants 
      were included in the study, 228 of whom had a history of thyroid disease. 
      Bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phos (BDCPP), Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and 
      Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) were the top three metabolites with the 
      highest detection rates of 91.75%, 90.77% and 86.57%, respectively. In 
      multivariate logistic regression models, after adjustment for confounding 
      variables, individuals with the highest tertile level of BCEP were significantly 
      and positively associated with increased risk of thyroid disease (OR=1.57, 95% 
      CI=1.04-2.36), using the lowest tertile level as reference. In the positive WQS 
      regression model, after correcting for confounding variables, mixed exposure to 
      OPE metabolites was significantly positively associated with increased risk of 
      thyroid disease (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01-1.06), with BCEP and DPHP having high 
      weights. In the BKMR model, the overall effect of mixed exposure to OPE 
      metabolites was not statistically significant, but univariate exposure response 
      trends showed that the risk of thyroid disease decreased and then increased as 
      BCEP exposure levels increased. CONCLUSION: The study revealed a significant 
      association between exposure to OPE metabolites and an increased risk of thyroid 
      disease, with BCEP emerging as the primary contributor. The risk of thyroid 
      disease exhibits a J-shaped pattern, whereby the risk initially decreases and 
      subsequently increases with rising levels of BCEP exposure. Additional studies 
      are required to validate the association between OPEs and thyroid diseases.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2024 Lin, Lin, Wang, Xie, Li and Zhang.
FAU - Lin, Yuxin
AU  - Lin Y
AD  - Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian 
      Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
FAU - Lin, Ruipeng
AU  - Lin R
AD  - Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian 
      Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
FAU - Wang, Weikang
AU  - Wang W
AD  - Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian 
      Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
FAU - Xie, Manling
AU  - Xie M
AD  - Laboratory Center, The Major Subject of Environment and Health of Fujian Key 
      Universities, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
FAU - Li, Yun
AU  - Li Y
AD  - Food and Chemical Institute, Anhui Province Institute of Product Quality 
      Supervision & Inspection, Hefei, China.
FAU - Zhang, Qian
AU  - Zhang Q
AD  - Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian 
      Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20240209
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
JT  - Frontiers in endocrinology
JID - 101555782
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Organophosphates)
RN  - 0 (Phosphates)
RN  - 0 (Esters)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Humans
MH  - United States/epidemiology
MH  - Nutrition Surveys
MH  - Bayes Theorem
MH  - *Flame Retardants
MH  - Organophosphates/adverse effects/urine
MH  - *Thyroid Diseases/chemically induced/epidemiology
MH  - Phosphates
MH  - Esters
PMC - PMC10884265
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR)
OT  - Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression
OT  - mixed exposure
OT  - nutrition surveys
OT  - organophosphate esters
OT  - thyroid diseases
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2024/02/26 06:44
MHDA- 2024/02/27 06:45
PMCR- 2024/01/01
CRDT- 2024/02/26 04:39
PHST- 2023/10/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2024/01/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/02/27 06:45 [medline]
PHST- 2024/02/26 06:44 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/02/26 04:39 [entrez]
PHST- 2024/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fendo.2024.1329247 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Feb 9;15:1329247. doi: 
      10.3389/fendo.2024.1329247. eCollection 2024.