PMID- 38407576
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20240315
LR  - 20240315
IS  - 1759-9679 (Electronic)
IS  - 1759-9660 (Linking)
VI  - 16
IP  - 11
DP  - 2024 Mar 14
TI  - Development and validation of a GC Orbitrap-MS method for the analysis of 
      phthalate esters (PAE) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) in atmospheric 
      particles and its application for screening PM(2.5) from Curitiba, Brazil.
PG  - 1579-1592
LID - 10.1039/d3ay02197a [doi]
AB  - Phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAE) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) are 
      ubiquitous chemicals often used as plasticisers and additives in many industrial 
      products and are classified as both persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and new 
      emerging pollutants (NEPs). Exposure to these chemicals, especially through 
      inhalation, is linked to a wide range of negative health effects, including 
      endocrine disruption. Air particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter </= 
      2.5 mum can be enriched with PAEs and DEHA and if inhaled can cause multi-system 
      human toxicity. Therefore, proper monitoring of PAEs and DEHA in PM is required 
      to assess human exposure to these pollutants. In this work, we developed and 
      validated a new and sensitive gas-chromatography high-resolution mass 
      spectrometry (GC-HRMS) method for targeted analysis of PAEs including dimethyl 
      phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl 
      butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA), 
      bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), in PM. Analytical 
      aspects including sample preparation steps and GC-HRMS parameters, e.g., 
      quadrupole isolation window, to enhance method sensitivity have been assessed. 
      The estimated limit of detection (LODs) of target PAEs and DEHA ranged from 5.5 
      to 17 pg muL(-1), allowing their trace-level detection in PM. Extraction 
      efficiencies of 78-101% were obtained for the target compounds. Low DMP and DEP 
      extraction efficiencies from the spiked filter substrates indicated that 
      significant losses of higher volatility PAEs can occur during the sample 
      collection when filter-based techniques are used. This work is the first targeted 
      method based on GC-Orbitrap MS for PAEs and DEHA in environmental samples. The 
      validated method was successfully applied for the targeted analysis of PAEs and 
      DEHA in PM(2.5) samples from the eighth most populous city in Brazil, Curitiba. 
      This work is the first to report DBP, DEHA, DEHP, and DOP in urban PM from 
      Brazil. The observed concentrations of PAEs (up to 29 ng m(-3)) in PM(2.5) from 
      Curitiba may not represent the extent of pollution by these toxic compounds since 
      the analysed samples were collected during a COVID-19 restriction when 
      anthropogenic activities were reduced.
FAU - Argamino, Cristian Ryan A
AU  - Argamino CRA
AD  - Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston 
      Lane, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK. ivan.kourtchev@coventry.ac.uk.
AD  - School of Engineering, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3220, 
      Australia.
FAU - Sebben, Bruna G
AU  - Sebben BG
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8950-5384
AD  - Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), 
      Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
FAU - da Costa, Gabriela
AU  - da Costa G
AD  - Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), 
      Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
FAU - Towers, Sam
AU  - Towers S
AD  - Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston 
      Lane, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK. ivan.kourtchev@coventry.ac.uk.
FAU - Bogush, Anna
AU  - Bogush A
AD  - Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston 
      Lane, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK. ivan.kourtchev@coventry.ac.uk.
FAU - Stevanovic, Svetlana
AU  - Stevanovic S
AD  - School of Engineering, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3220, 
      Australia.
FAU - Godoi, Ricardo H M
AU  - Godoi RHM
AD  - Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), 
      Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
FAU - Kourtchev, Ivan
AU  - Kourtchev I
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6875-2792
AD  - Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston 
      Lane, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK. ivan.kourtchev@coventry.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20240314
PL  - England
TA  - Anal Methods
JT  - Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications
JID - 101519733
RN  - 6O7F7IX66E (phthalic acid)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - C42K0PH13C (Diethylhexyl Phthalate)
RN  - 2BD76YG9SI (dioctyl adipate)
RN  - 0 (Esters)
RN  - 8X3RJ0527W (di-n-octyl phthalate)
RN  - 0 (Phthalic Acids)
RN  - 2286E5R2KE (Dibutyl Phthalate)
RN  - 0 (Adipates)
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Particulate Matter/analysis
MH  - *Diethylhexyl Phthalate/analysis
MH  - Esters/analysis
MH  - Brazil
MH  - *Phthalic Acids/analysis
MH  - Dibutyl Phthalate/analysis
MH  - Adipates/analysis
MH  - *Environmental Pollutants/analysis
EDAT- 2024/02/26 12:42
MHDA- 2024/03/15 06:43
CRDT- 2024/02/26 11:40
PHST- 2024/03/15 06:43 [medline]
PHST- 2024/02/26 12:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/02/26 11:40 [entrez]
AID - 10.1039/d3ay02197a [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Anal Methods. 2024 Mar 14;16(11):1579-1592. doi: 10.1039/d3ay02197a.