PMID- 38420473
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240301
IS  - 2405-8440 (Print)
IS  - 2405-8440 (Electronic)
IS  - 2405-8440 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 4
DP  - 2024 Feb 29
TI  - Techno-economic and environmental assessments of optimal planning of 
      waste-to-energy based CHP-DG considering load growth on a power distribution 
      network.
PG  - e26254
LID - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26254 [doi]
LID - e26254
AB  - Load growth puts pressure on existing electric infrastructure and impacts on the 
      system's performance parameters which may necessitate network expansion. 
      Conventionally, electric network expansion is done by building new substations or 
      reinforcing the existing ones with new transformers and upgrading the network 
      feeders. However, optimal allocation of combined heat and power distributed 
      generators (CHP-DGs) on distribution networks (DNs) can be adopted for network 
      expansion planning problem. Optimal DG allocation is an optimisation problem 
      which requires an efficient optimisation approach. In this paper, an improved 
      particle swarm optimisation (IPSO) based on weighted randomised acceleration 
      coefficient and adaptive inertia weight is proposed for optimal DG allocation 
      problem. The considered CHP-DGs include internal combustion engine (ICE) and fuel 
      cells (FCs) powered by biogas obtained from anaerobic digestion of food wastes. 
      The proposed IPSO is tested on IEEE 69 bus radial distribution network under 
      single and multi-objectives considering constant and mixed seasonal 
      voltage-dependent load models. Some of the key findings show that integrating 
      ICE-based CHP-DGs operating at optimal power factor in winter day mixed voltage 
      dependent load in base year achieves 97.63 % active power loss reduction in 
      comparison to 77.14 % loss reduction for unity power factor operating FC-based 
      CHP-DG. Economic and environmental evaluation indicate that FC-based CHP-DG 
      records a net present value of over 29.29 million $, levelised cost of energy of 
      0.0493 $/kWh and zero pollutant emission in comparison with 28.40 million $, 
      0.0501 $/kWh and 0.2817 million kg pollutant emission for ICE-based CHP-DG over 
      the planning horizon. In comparison with the standard PSO, the proposed IPSO 
      performs better in terms of solution quality, convergence speed and statistical 
      results.
CI  - (c) 2024 The Authors.
FAU - Akanni Alao, Moshood
AU  - Akanni Alao M
AD  - Department of Electrical Engineering & Centre for Energy and Electric Power, 
      Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
FAU - Mohammed Popoola, Olawale
AU  - Mohammed Popoola O
AD  - Department of Electrical Engineering & Centre for Energy and Electric Power, 
      Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20240216
PL  - England
TA  - Heliyon
JT  - Heliyon
JID - 101672560
PMC - PMC10900408
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Biogas
OT  - Distributed generation planning
OT  - Food waste
OT  - Fuel cells
OT  - Improved PSO
OT  - Internal combustion engine
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2024/02/29 06:43
MHDA- 2024/02/29 06:44
PMCR- 2024/02/16
CRDT- 2024/02/29 04:13
PHST- 2023/09/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2024/02/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2024/02/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/02/29 06:44 [medline]
PHST- 2024/02/29 06:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/02/29 04:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2024/02/16 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2405-8440(24)02285-0 [pii]
AID - e26254 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26254 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Heliyon. 2024 Feb 16;10(4):e26254. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26254. 
      eCollection 2024 Feb 29.