PMID- 8006115
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19940720
LR  - 20151119
IS  - 0270-4145 (Print)
IS  - 0270-4145 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 1
DP  - 1994 Jan-Mar
TI  - Prenatal smokeless tobacco effects on the rat fetus.
PG  - 16-25
AB  - The objective of this study was to examine the effect of an aqueous extract of 
      smokeless tobacco (ST) on the development and bone ossification of the Sprague 
      Dawley rat fetus at known nicotine blood levels. Dams were intubated with the ST 
      extract three times daily on gestational days (GD) 6-18 with one of the 
      following: ST equivalent to either 1.33 mg nicotine/kg body weight (STD-1), 6 mg 
      nicotine/kg body weight (STD-2), or equal amounts of distilled water 
      (sham-treated controls). Parallel groups of rats were used for 
      nicotine-blood-level determinations. Dams were killed on GD 19, fetuses and 
      placentas were weighed, and resorptions, deaths, and/or malformations were noted. 
      Two thirds of the fetuses were further examined by Wilson's method, and the 
      remaining one third was stained and cleared for skeletal examinations. Mean 
      plasma nicotine levels, determined in a parallel group of nonpregnant/pregnant 
      rats, were 220.4/283.3 ng/ml in the STD-1 group and 869.1/846.3 ng/ml in the 
      STD-2 group. At these ST dosages, weight gain of dams was reduced in comparison 
      with sham-treated controls (P < .05), but fetal weights were reduced in the STD-2 
      group only. Placental weights, litter size, resorptions, deaths, and 
      malformations were not significantly affected. Skeletal examinations revealed 
      several dose-related differences between the ST-treated and sham-treated control 
      groups. In the STD-1 group, reductions in ossification were seen in the nasal and 
      femur width measurements only. In the STD-2 group, reductions in ossification 
      were seen in femur length and width, in the number of ossification centers in the 
      forelimb, in the maxillary, mandibular, and nasal bone measurements. We conclude 
      that under these experimental conditions the effects of ST at the low dose are 
      minimal, whereas the high ST dose resulted in significant growth retardation and 
      decreased ossification levels (P < .05).
FAU - Paulson, R B
AU  - Paulson RB
AD  - Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus 43210.
FAU - Shanfeld, J
AU  - Shanfeld J
FAU - Mullet, D
AU  - Mullet D
FAU - Cole, J
AU  - Cole J
FAU - Paulson, J O
AU  - Paulson JO
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - Denmark
TA  - J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol
JT  - Journal of craniofacial genetics and developmental biology
JID - 8109845
RN  - 0 (Plant Extracts)
RN  - 0 (Teratogens)
RN  - 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine)
RN  - K5161X06LL (Cotinine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Bone and Bones/abnormalities
MH  - Congenital Abnormalities
MH  - Cotinine/blood
MH  - Female
MH  - Fetus/drug effects
MH  - Litter Size/drug effects
MH  - Male
MH  - Nicotine/blood
MH  - Plant Extracts/toxicity
MH  - *Plants, Toxic
MH  - Pregnancy
MH  - Rats
MH  - Rats, Sprague-Dawley
MH  - Teratogens/*toxicity
MH  - Tobacco, Smokeless/*toxicity
MH  - Weight Gain/drug effects
EDAT- 1994/01/01 00:00
MHDA- 1994/01/01 00:01
CRDT- 1994/01/01 00:00
PHST- 1994/01/01 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1994/01/01 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 1994/01/01 00:00 [entrez]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1994 Jan-Mar;14(1):16-25.