PMID- 8011161
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19940727
LR  - 20191101
IS  - 1044-5498 (Print)
IS  - 1044-5498 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 4
DP  - 1994 Apr
TI  - Thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors form heterodimers with retinoid X 
      receptors on direct repeats, palindromes, and inverted palindromes.
PG  - 333-41
AB  - Thyroid hormone [3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)] and retinoic acid (RA) receptors 
      (T3Rs and RARs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate the 
      transcription of T3- and RA-responsive genes, respectively, by binding to 
      specific DNA sequences as homodimers or as heterodimers with retinoid X receptors 
      (RXRs). These T3 and RA response elements are composed to two copies of the 
      consensus half-site motif PuGGTCA. However, the specificity of the receptor 
      complexes for response elements is dictated by their discrimination of the 
      distance and the relative orientation of the half-sites. We found that both 
      T3R-RXR and RAR-RXR heterodimers act functionally on all three response element 
      configurations: direct repeats, palindromes, and inverted palindromes. On direct 
      repeats, T3R-RXR and RAR-RXR heterodimers showed maximal trans-activation and in 
      vitro DNA binding affinity when the core binding motifs were spaced by 4, 2, or 1 
      and 5 or 2 nucleotides, respectively, whereas both heterodimer types were mostly 
      active on palindromes with no spacing. The binding of and trans-activation by 
      T3R-RXR and RAR-RXR heterodimers on inverted palindromes was maximal with a 
      half-site spacing of 5 or 6 and 7 or 8 nucleotides, respectively. Inverted 
      palindromes, however, were the most specific response elements, because they were 
      the only ones on which the activities of homodimeric and heterodimeric receptor 
      complexes could be discriminated. We developed a model that suggests a sterical 
      link between the optimal spacings observed with direct repeats and inverted 
      palindromes. Taken together, the experimental data and the model provide further 
      understanding of the regulation of T3-and retinoid-responsive genes.
FAU - Schrader, M
AU  - Schrader M
AD  - Clinique de Dermatologie, Hopital Cantonal Universitaire, Geneve, Switzerland.
FAU - Carlberg, C
AU  - Carlberg C
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - DNA Cell Biol
JT  - DNA and cell biology
JID - 9004522
RN  - 0 (Biopolymers)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Retinoic Acid)
RN  - 0 (Retinoid X Receptors)
RN  - 0 (Transcription Factors)
RN  - 06LU7C9H1V (Triiodothyronine)
RN  - 9007-49-2 (DNA)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Base Sequence
MH  - Biopolymers
MH  - Cell Line
MH  - DNA/chemistry/*metabolism
MH  - Drosophila
MH  - Molecular Sequence Data
MH  - Nucleic Acid Conformation
MH  - Protein Binding
MH  - Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/*metabolism
MH  - Receptors, Retinoic Acid/*metabolism
MH  - Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
MH  - Retinoid X Receptors
MH  - Transcription Factors/*metabolism
MH  - Transcriptional Activation
MH  - Triiodothyronine/*metabolism
EDAT- 1994/04/01 00:00
MHDA- 1994/04/01 00:01
CRDT- 1994/04/01 00:00
PHST- 1994/04/01 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1994/04/01 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 1994/04/01 00:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1089/dna.1994.13.333 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - DNA Cell Biol. 1994 Apr;13(4):333-41. doi: 10.1089/dna.1994.13.333.