PMID- 8202539
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19940706
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 0027-8424 (Print)
IS  - 1091-6490 (Electronic)
IS  - 0027-8424 (Linking)
VI  - 91
IP  - 12
DP  - 1994 Jun 7
TI  - A synthetic retinoid antagonist inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 
      promoter.
PG  - 5632-6
AB  - Retinoids regulate a broad range of biological processes and affect cell growth 
      and differentiation of many cell types, including the immune system. Recently, it 
      was reported that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression in 
      macrophages is enhanced by retinoic acid (RA). Retinoid signals are mediated by 
      the RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) that bind to specific RA 
      responsive elements (RAREs) in the promoter region of susceptible genes. Here, we 
      report on a RARE in the long terminal repeat (LTR) region that allows activation 
      of the HIV-1 LTR. The RARE is composed of two consensus RARE half-sites 
      (A/GGGTCA) arranged as a palindrome separated by 9 nucleotides and is activated 
      by both RAR/RXR heterodimers and RXR homodimers. We show that the COUP (chicken 
      ovalbumin upstream promoter) orphan receptors also bind to the HIV-1 RARE and 
      repress the retinoid response of the HIV-1 RARE or the HIV-1 LTR. Furthermore, a 
      newly discovered synthetic retinoid is shown to be a potent inhibitor of 
      retinoid-induced activation of the HIV-1 RARE. These observations suggest 
      additional approaches for the inhibition of HIV replication.
FAU - Lee, M O
AU  - Lee MO
AD  - Cancer Center, La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, CA 92037.
FAU - Hobbs, P D
AU  - Hobbs PD
FAU - Zhang, X K
AU  - Zhang XK
FAU - Dawson, M I
AU  - Dawson MI
FAU - Pfahl, M
AU  - Pfahl M
LA  - eng
GR  - CA50676/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
GR  - CA60988/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P01 CA51993/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
PL  - United States
TA  - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
JT  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
JID - 7505876
RN  - 0 (RNA, Messenger)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Retinoic Acid)
RN  - 0 (Retinoids)
RN  - 9006-59-1 (Ovalbumin)
SB  - IM
EIN - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994 Nov 22;91(24):11767
MH  - Animals
MH  - Base Sequence
MH  - Cell Line
MH  - Chlorocebus aethiops
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/*drug effects
MH  - HIV Long Terminal Repeat/*genetics
MH  - HIV-1/*genetics
MH  - Molecular Sequence Data
MH  - Ovalbumin/genetics
MH  - *Promoter Regions, Genetic
MH  - RNA, Messenger/genetics
MH  - Receptors, Retinoic Acid/*antagonists & inhibitors
MH  - Retinoids/*pharmacology
MH  - Virus Replication/drug effects
PMC - PMC44050
EDAT- 1994/06/07 00:00
MHDA- 1994/06/07 00:01
PMCR- 1994/12/07
CRDT- 1994/06/07 00:00
PHST- 1994/06/07 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1994/06/07 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 1994/06/07 00:00 [entrez]
PHST- 1994/12/07 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5632 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 7;91(12):5632-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5632.