PMID- 8792612
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19970211
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 0192-253X (Print)
IS  - 0192-253X (Linking)
VI  - 19
IP  - 1
DP  - 1996
TI  - Role of thyroid hormone and retinoid receptors in the homeotic transformation of 
      tails into limbs in frogs.
PG  - 85-93
AB  - We provide here further data on the dramatic homeotic transformation of tails 
      into limbs which is induced by retinoids during frog tadpole tail regeneration. 
      The effect can still be produced up to nine days after tail amputation by which 
      time tail regeneration has essentially been completed. Complete tail amputation 
      is needed for the effects to be manifest, partial damage of various sorts to the 
      tail is not enough. We show that as well as retinyl palmitate, other retinoids 
      such as all-trans-retinoic acid and TTNPB, which is a RAR specific retinoid, can 
      induce the homeotic transformation. TTNPB has a 300 x greater potency than 
      retinoic acid. Prolactin, which inhibits thyroid hormone production, prevents the 
      appearance of limbs on the tail from which we conclude that thyroid hormone is 
      needed. We present preliminary evidence from RT-PCR that all six retinoid 
      receptors, the three retinoic acid receptors (RARs), and the three retinoid X 
      receptors (RXRs), are present in the normal tail blastema and that after retinoid 
      treatment RAR alpha, RXR alpha, and RXR beta may be up-regulated. Finally, we 
      show that when RA synthesis is inhibited, normal tail regeneration is inhibited. 
      We conclude that tail regeneration depends upon a particular endogenous level of 
      RA, but that when this level is raised by external administration and thyroid 
      hormone receptors are present the up-regulation of certain retinoid receptors 
      allows novel nuclear receptor interactions which results in the induction of 
      limb-specific genes leading to the appearance of limbs on the tail.
FAU - Maden, M
AU  - Maden M
AD  - Developmental Biology Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Sciences, King's 
      College London, United Kingdom.
FAU - Corcoran, J
AU  - Corcoran J
LA  - eng
GR  - Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - Dev Genet
JT  - Developmental genetics
JID - 7909963
RN  - 0 (Benzoates)
RN  - 0 (DNA Primers)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Retinoic Acid)
RN  - 0 (Retinoid X Receptors)
RN  - 0 (Retinoids)
RN  - 0 (Transcription Factors)
RN  - 5688UTC01R (Tretinoin)
RN  - 71441-28-6 
      (4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic 
      acid)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amputation, Surgical
MH  - Animals
MH  - Benzoates/*pharmacology
MH  - DNA Primers
MH  - Embryo, Nonmammalian/*physiology
MH  - *Extremities/embryology
MH  - *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
MH  - Polymerase Chain Reaction
MH  - Rana temporaria
MH  - Receptors, Retinoic Acid/*biosynthesis
MH  - Regeneration/drug effects/*physiology
MH  - Retinoid X Receptors
MH  - Retinoids/*pharmacology
MH  - *Tail/embryology
MH  - Transcription Factors/*biosynthesis
MH  - Tretinoin/*pharmacology
EDAT- 1996/01/01 00:00
MHDA- 2000/06/20 09:00
CRDT- 1996/01/01 00:00
PHST- 1996/01/01 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2000/06/20 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 1996/01/01 00:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6408(1996)19:1<85::AID-DVG9>3.0.CO;2-X [pii]
AID - 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6408(1996)19:1<85::AID-DVG9>3.0.CO;2-X [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Dev Genet. 1996;19(1):85-93. doi: 
      10.1002/(SICI)1520-6408(1996)19:1<85::AID-DVG9>3.0.CO;2-X.