PMID- 8889674
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19970130
LR  - 20201209
IS  - 0146-4760 (Print)
IS  - 0146-4760 (Linking)
VI  - 20
IP  - 6
DP  - 1996 Oct
TI  - Sweat testing in opioid users with a sweat patch.
PG  - 393-7
AB  - For many years, toxicologists have detected the presence of drugs of abuse in 
      biological materials using blood or urine. In recent years, remarkable advances 
      in sensitive analytical techniques have enabled the analysis of drugs in 
      unconventional samples such as sweat. In a study conducted in a detoxification 
      center, sweat patches were applied to 20 known heroin abusers. Subjects wore the 
      patch with minimal discomfort for five days. During the same period, two urine 
      specimens were also collected. Target drugs analyzed either by gas 
      chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass 
      spectrometry (LC-MS) included opiates (heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, 
      codeine), cocaine (cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester), delta 
      9-tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines (nordiazepam, oxazepam), amphetamines 
      (amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine [MDA], 
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA], methylenedioxyethylamphetamine [MDEA]), and 
      buprenorphine. Patches were positive for opiates in 12 cases. Heroin (37-175 
      ng/patch) and/or 6-acetylmorphine (60-2386 ng/patch) were identified in eight 
      cases, and codeine exposure (67-4018 ng/patch) was determined in four cases. When 
      detected, heroin was always present in lower concentrations than 
      6-acetylmorphine, which was the major analyte found in sweat. Cocaine (324 
      ng/patch) and metabolites were found in only one case. delta 
      9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (4-38 ng/patch) was identified in nine cases. 
      Benzodiazepine concentrations were very low, ranging from 2 to 44 and from 2 to 
      15 ng/patch for nordiazepam and oxazepam, respectively. MDEA (121 ng/patch) and 
      its metabolite, MDA (22 ng/patch), were detected in one case. Buprenorphine, 
      which was administered as therapy under close medical supervision, was detected 
      in the range 1.3-153.2 ng/patch with no apparent relationship between the daily 
      dose and amount excreted in sweat. All the urine tests were consistent with the 
      sweat findings, but to identify the same drugs it was necessary to test two urine 
      specimens along with only one sweat specimen. It was concluded that sweat testing 
      appears to offer the advantage of being a relatively noninvasive means of 
      obtaining a cumulative estimate of drug exposure over the period of a week. This 
      new technology may find useful applications in the treatment and monitoring of 
      substance abusers, as the patch provides a long-term continuous monitor of drug 
      exposure or noncompliance.
FAU - Kintz, P
AU  - Kintz P
AD  - Institut de Medecine Legale, Strasbourg, France.
FAU - Tracqui, A
AU  - Tracqui A
FAU - Mangin, P
AU  - Mangin P
FAU - Edel, Y
AU  - Edel Y
LA  - eng
PT  - Clinical Trial
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - J Anal Toxicol
JT  - Journal of analytical toxicology
JID - 7705085
RN  - 0 (Amphetamines)
RN  - 0 (Cannabinoids)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Morphine Derivatives)
RN  - 12794-10-4 (Benzodiazepines)
RN  - 40D3SCR4GZ (Buprenorphine)
RN  - 70D95007SX (Heroin)
RN  - 76I7G6D29C (Morphine)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
RN  - M5E47P1ZCH (6-O-monoacetylmorphine)
RN  - UX6OWY2V7J (Codeine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amphetamines/metabolism/urine
MH  - Benzodiazepines/metabolism/urine
MH  - Buprenorphine/metabolism/urine
MH  - Cannabinoids/metabolism/urine
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
MH  - Cocaine/metabolism/urine
MH  - Codeine/metabolism/urine
MH  - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Heroin/metabolism/urine
MH  - Heroin Dependence
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/analysis/*metabolism/urine
MH  - Morphine/metabolism/urine
MH  - Morphine Derivatives/metabolism/urine
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Sweat/*chemistry/metabolism
EDAT- 1996/10/01 00:00
MHDA- 1996/10/01 00:01
CRDT- 1996/10/01 00:00
PHST- 1996/10/01 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1996/10/01 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 1996/10/01 00:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1093/jat/20.6.393 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Anal Toxicol. 1996 Oct;20(6):393-7. doi: 10.1093/jat/20.6.393.