PMID- 9350448
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19971209
LR  - 20180215
IS  - 0301-0163 (Print)
IS  - 0301-0163 (Linking)
VI  - 48 Suppl 4
DP  - 1997
TI  - New aspects of thyroid immunity.
PG  - 51-4
AB  - Like all autoimmune diseases, those affecting the thyroid arise as the result of 
      an interaction between genetic, environmental and endogenous factors. Genes 
      outside the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex play a critical role, with 
      recent associations described between a T cell surface receptor for the 
      costimulatory signal B7 (provided by antigen presenting cells; CTLA-4), and 
      interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist polymorphisms and autoimmune thyroid 
      disease. Birth weight and hormonal changes constitute important endogenous 
      influences on susceptibility, while iodine intake, stress, infections and toxins 
      are all environmental factors. Once initiated, events within the thyroid 
      determine whether or not autoimmunity is maintained. Originally, HLA class II 
      molecule expression by thyroid cells was thought to be a likely trigger in 
      thyroid autoimmunity. However, thyroid cells cannot provide a necessary 
      costimulatory signal, required in addition to class II molecule-mediated antigen 
      presentation, making them incapable of initiating activation of autoreactive T 
      cells. Moreover, class II-positive thyroid cells can induce peripheral tolerance 
      in T cells and so class II expression can be viewed as a protective mechanism. 
      Later, in established disease, costimulatory signals are not required by T cells 
      for further stimulation, and class II expression could then exacerbate disease.
FAU - Weetman, A P
AU  - Weetman AP
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Sheffield Clinical Sciences Centre, 
      Northern General Hospital, UK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Horm Res
JT  - Hormone research
JID - 0366126
RN  - 0 (Autoantibodies)
RN  - 0 (Histocompatibility Antigens Class II)
SB  - IM
MH  - Autoantibodies/blood
MH  - Autoimmune Diseases/*immunology
MH  - Female
MH  - Graves Disease/*immunology
MH  - Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hypothyroidism/*immunology
MH  - Male
MH  - Models, Immunological
MH  - Thyroid Gland/*immunology
RF  - 15
EDAT- 1997/01/01 00:00
MHDA- 1997/11/14 00:01
CRDT- 1997/01/01 00:00
PHST- 1997/01/01 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1997/11/14 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 1997/01/01 00:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1159/000191314 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Horm Res. 1997;48 Suppl 4:51-4. doi: 10.1159/000191314.