PMID- 9756247
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19981113
LR  - 20191024
VI  - 22
IP  - 9
DP  - 1998 Sep
TI  - Covert manipulation of energy density of high carbohydrate diets in 'pseudo 
      free-living' humans.
PG  - 885-92
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of varying the energy density (ED) of 
      high carbohydrate (HC) diets on food and energy intake (EI), subjective hunger 
      and body weight in humans. DESIGN: Randomised cross-over design. Subjects were 
      each studied twice during 14 d, throughout which they had ad libitum access to 
      one of two covertly-manipulated diets. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Six healthy men 
      (mean age (s.d.)=32.17 y s.d. (5.26 y), mean weight=69.74 kg s.d. (2.75 kg), mean 
      height=1.76 m s.d. (0.05 m), body mass index (BMI)=22.57 (2.2) kg/m2) were 
      studied. The fat, carbohydrate (CHO) and protein content (as % energy) and ED of 
      each diet were 21:66:13% and 357 kJ/100 g, (low-energy density (LED)) or 
      22:66:12% and 629 kJ/100 g (high-energy density (HED)). A medium fat diet was 
      provided at maintenance (1.6 x BMR, MF for 2 d) before each ad libitum period. 
      Subjects could alter the amount, but not the composition of foods eaten. RESULTS: 
      Mean EI was 8.67 and 14.82 MJ/d on the LED and HED diets, respectively. Subjects 
      felt significantly more hungry on the LED diet, than on the HED diet 
      (F(1,160)38.28; P < 0.001) and found the diets to be similarly pleasant (72.72 mm 
      vs 71.54 mm (F(1,392)0.31; P = 0.579)). Mean body weight decreased on the LED 
      diet at a rate of 0.1 kg/d and increased at 0.06 kg/d on the HED diet 
      (F(1,131)86.60; P < 0.001), giving total weight changes of -1.41 kg and +0.84 kg, 
      respectively, both of which were significantly different from zero (P < 0.01). 
      CONCLUSION: Excess EI is possible on HC, HED diets, at least under conditions 
      where diet selection is precluded. Comparison of these results with previous 
      studies, which altered ED using fat, suggests that CHO may be a better cue for 
      hunger than fat.
FAU - Stubbs, R J
AU  - Stubbs RJ
AD  - The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK.
FAU - Johnstone, A M
AU  - Johnstone AM
FAU - Harbron, C G
AU  - Harbron CG
FAU - Reid, C
AU  - Reid C
LA  - eng
PT  - Clinical Trial
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - England
TA  - Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
JT  - International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the 
      International Association for the Study of Obesity
JID - 9313169
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Fats)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Proteins)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Appetite
MH  - Body Mass Index
MH  - Body Weight
MH  - Cross-Over Studies
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/*administration & dosage
MH  - Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
MH  - Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage
MH  - Eating
MH  - *Energy Intake
MH  - Food Preferences
MH  - Homeostasis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hunger
MH  - Male
EDAT- 1998/10/02 00:00
MHDA- 1998/10/02 00:01
CRDT- 1998/10/02 00:00
PHST- 1998/10/02 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1998/10/02 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 1998/10/02 00:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800676 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Sep;22(9):885-92. doi: 
      10.1038/sj.ijo.0800676.