PMID- 9806313
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19981204
LR  - 20191024
VI  - 22
IP  - 10
DP  - 1998 Oct
TI  - The effect of covertly manipulating the energy density of mixed diets on ad 
      libitum food intake in 'pseudo free-living' humans.
PG  - 980-7
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of covert alterations in the energy 
      density (ED) of mixed, medium fat (MF) diets on ad libitum food and energy intake 
      (EI), subjective hunger and body weight in humans. DESIGN: Randomised cross-over 
      design. Subjects were each studied three times (factorial design), during 14d, 
      throughout which they had ad libitum access to one of three covertly-manipulated 
      MF diets. SUBJECTS: Six healthy men, mean age (s.e.m.) = 30.0 y (12.76 y), mean 
      weight = 71.67 kg (19.80 kg); mean height = 1.79 m (0.22 m), body mass index 
      (BMI) = 22.36 (2.60) kg/m2, were studied. The fat, carbohydrate (CHO) and protein 
      in each diet (as a proportion of the total energy) and energy density (ED) were, 
      low-ED (LED), 38:49:13%; 373 kJ/100 g; medium-ED (MED), 40:47:13%; 549 kJ/100 g; 
      high-ED (HED), 39:48:13%; 737 kJ/100 g. Subjects could alter the amount but not 
      the composition of foods eaten. They were resident in (but not confined to) a 
      metabolic suite throughout the study. RESULTS: Solid food intake decreased as ED 
      increased, giving mean values of 2.84, 2.51 and 2.31 kg/d, respectively. This was 
      insufficient to defend energy balance, since energy intake increased with 
      increasing ED (F(2,10) 16.08; P < 0.001) giving mean intakes of 10.12, 12.80 and 
      16.17 MJ/d, respectively. Rated pleasantness of food (measured on visual analogue 
      scales) was not significantly different between diets nor was subjective hunger 
      different between the LED, MED and HED diets, respectively. Diet significantly 
      affected body weight (F(2,10) = 4.62; P = 0.038), producing changes of -1.20, 
      0.02 and 0.95 kg, respectively, by day 14. CONCLUSION: Dietary ED can influence 
      EI and body weight, since changes in amount eaten alone are insufficient to 
      defend energy balance, when subjects feed on unfamiliar diets and diet selection 
      is precluded. Comparison with our previous studies suggest that there was 
      compensation in solid food intake when ED was altered using mixed diets (as in 
      this study) compared to previous studies which primarily used fat or CHO to alter 
      dietary ED.
FAU - Stubbs, R J
AU  - Stubbs RJ
AD  - The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK.
FAU - Johnstone, A M
AU  - Johnstone AM
FAU - O'Reilly, L M
AU  - O'Reilly LM
FAU - Barton, K
AU  - Barton K
FAU - Reid, C
AU  - Reid C
LA  - eng
PT  - Clinical Trial
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - England
TA  - Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
JT  - International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the 
      International Association for the Study of Obesity
JID - 9313169
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Fats)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Proteins)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Appetite
MH  - Body Mass Index
MH  - *Body Weight
MH  - Cross-Over Studies
MH  - *Diet
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage
MH  - Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage
MH  - Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage
MH  - *Energy Intake
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Hunger
MH  - Male
EDAT- 1998/11/07 00:00
MHDA- 1998/11/07 00:01
CRDT- 1998/11/07 00:00
PHST- 1998/11/07 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1998/11/07 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 1998/11/07 00:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800715 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Oct;22(10):980-7. doi: 
      10.1038/sj.ijo.0800715.