PMID- 20380880
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20100922
LR  - 20230411
IS  - 1096-1186 (Electronic)
IS  - 1043-6618 (Linking)
VI  - 62
IP  - 2
DP  - 2010 Aug
TI  - Targeting nanoparticles to cancer.
PG  - 90-9
LID - 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.03.005 [doi]
AB  - Nanotechnology applications in medicine, termed as nanomedicine, have introduced 
      a number of nanoparticles of variable chemistry and architecture for cancer 
      imaging and treatment. Nanotechnology involves engineering multifunctional 
      devices with dimensions at the nanoscale, similar dimensions as those of large 
      biological vesicles or molecules in our body. These devices typically have 
      features just tens to hundred nanometers across and they can carry one or two 
      detection signals and/or therapeutic cargo(s). One unique class of nanoparticles 
      is designed to do both, providing this way the theragnostic nanoparticles 
      (therapy and diagnosis). Being inspired by physiologically existing nanomachines, 
      nanoparticles are designed to safely reach their target and specifically release 
      their cargo at the site of the disease, this way increasing the drug's tissue 
      bioavailability. Nanoparticles have the advantage of targeting cancer by simply 
      being accumulated and entrapped in tumours (passive targeting). The phenomenon is 
      called the enhanced permeation and retention effect, caused by leaky angiogenetic 
      vessels and poor lymphatic drainage and has been used to explain why 
      macromolecules and nanoparticles are found at higher ratios in tumours compared 
      to normal tissues. Although accumulation in tumours is observed cell uptake and 
      intracellular drug release have been questioned. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) is used 
      to protect the nanoparticles from the Reticulo-Endothelial System (RES), however, 
      it prevents cell uptake and the required intracellular drug release. Grafting 
      biorecognition molecules (ligands) onto the nanoparticles refers to active 
      targeting and aims to increase specific cell uptake. Nanoparticles bearing these 
      ligands are recognised by cell surface receptors and this leads to 
      receptor-mediated endocytosis. Several materials are suggested for the design of 
      nanoparticles for cancer. Polymers, linear and dendrimers, are associated with 
      the drug in a covalent or non-covalent way and have been used with or without a 
      targeting ligand. Stealth liposomes are suggested to carry the drug in the 
      aqueous core, and they are usually decorated by recognition molecules, being 
      widely studied and applied. Inorganic nanoparticles such as gold and iron oxide 
      are usually coupled to the drug, PEG and the targeting ligand. It appears that 
      the PEG coating and ligand decoration are common constituents in most types of 
      nanoparticles for cancer. There are several examples of successful cancer 
      diagnostic and therapeutic nanoparticles and many of them have rapidly moved to 
      clinical trials. Nevertheless there is still a room for optimisation in the area 
      of the nanoparticle kinetics such as improving their plasma circulation and 
      tumour bioavailability and understanding the effect of targeting ligands on their 
      efficiency to treat cancer. The need to develop novel and efficient ligands has 
      never been greater, and the use of proper conjugation chemistry is mandatory.
CI  - Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Wang, M
AU  - Wang M
AD  - Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, United Kingdom.
FAU - Thanou, M
AU  - Thanou M
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20100407
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Pharmacol Res
JT  - Pharmacological research
JID - 8907422
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Humans
MH  - Nanomedicine/*methods/trends
MH  - Nanoparticles/chemistry/*therapeutic use
MH  - Neoplasms/diagnosis/*therapy
RF  - 150
EDAT- 2010/04/13 06:00
MHDA- 2010/09/24 06:00
CRDT- 2010/04/13 06:00
PHST- 2010/01/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2010/03/18 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2010/03/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2010/04/13 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2010/04/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2010/09/24 06:00 [medline]
AID - S1043-6618(10)00079-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.03.005 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Pharmacol Res. 2010 Aug;62(2):90-9. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.03.005. Epub 2010 
      Apr 7.