PMID- 21675721
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120131
LR  - 20240322
IS  - 1520-4898 (Electronic)
IS  - 0001-4842 (Print)
IS  - 0001-4842 (Linking)
VI  - 44
IP  - 10
DP  - 2011 Oct 18
TI  - The importance of chemistry in creating well-defined nanoscopic embedded 
      therapeutics: devices capable of the dual functions of imaging and therapy.
PG  - 969-78
LID - 10.1021/ar200097k [doi]
AB  - Nanomedicine is a rapidly evolving field, for which polymer building blocks are 
      proving useful for the construction of sophisticated devices that provide 
      enhanced diagnostic imaging and treatment of disease, known as theranostics. 
      These well-defined nanoscopic objects have high loading capacities, can protect 
      embedded therapeutic cargo, and offer control over the conditions and rates of 
      release. Theranostics also offer external surface area for the conjugation of 
      ligands to impart stealth characteristics and/or direct their interactions with 
      biological receptors and provide a framework for conjugation of imaging agents to 
      track delivery to diseased site(s). The nanoscopic dimensions allow for extensive 
      biological circulation. The incorporation of such multiple functions is 
      complicated, requiring exquisite chemical control during production and rigorous 
      characterization studies to confirm the compositions, structures, properties, and 
      performance. We are particularly interested in the study of nanoscopic objects 
      designed for treatment of lung infections and acute lung injury, urinary tract 
      infections, and cancer. This Account highlights our work over several years to 
      tune the assembly of unique nanostructures. We provide examples of how the 
      composition, structure, dimensions, and morphology of theranostic devices can 
      tune their performance as drug delivery agents for the treatment of infectious 
      diseases and cancer. The evolution of nanostructured materials from relatively 
      simple overall shapes and internal morphologies to those of increasing complexity 
      is driving the development of synthetic methodologies for the preparation of 
      increasingly complex nanomedicine devices. Our nanomedicine devices are derived 
      from macromolecules that have well-defined compositions, structures, and 
      topologies, which provide a framework for their programmed assembly into 
      nanostructures with controlled sizes, shapes, and morphologies. The inclusion of 
      functional units within selective compartments/domains allows us to create 
      (multi)functional materials. We employ combinations of controlled radical and 
      ring-opening polymerizations, chemical transformations, and supramolecular 
      assembly to construct such materials as functional entities. The use of 
      multifunctional monomers with selective polymerization chemistries affords 
      regiochemically functionalized polymers. Further supramolecular assembly 
      processes in water with further chemical transformations provide discrete 
      nanoscopic objects within aqueous solutions. This approach echoes processes in 
      nature, whereby small molecules (amino acids, nucleic acids, saccharides) are 
      linked into polymers (proteins, DNA/RNA, polysaccharides, respectively) and then 
      those polymers fold into three-dimensional conformations that can lead to 
      nanoscopic functional entities.
FAU - Nystrom, Andreas M
AU  - Nystrom AM
AD  - The Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska 
      Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. andreas.nystrom@ki.se
FAU - Wooley, Karen L
AU  - Wooley KL
LA  - eng
GR  - HHSN268201000046C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
PT  - Review
DEP - 20110615
PL  - United States
TA  - Acc Chem Res
JT  - Accounts of chemical research
JID - 0157313
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Diagnostic Imaging/*methods
MH  - Humans
MH  - Nanomedicine/*instrumentation
MH  - Nanostructures/*chemistry/therapeutic use
MH  - Therapeutics/*methods
PMC - PMC3196832
MID - NIHMS304595
EDAT- 2011/06/17 06:00
MHDA- 2012/02/01 06:00
CRDT- 2011/06/17 06:00
PHST- 2011/06/17 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/06/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/02/01 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1021/ar200097k [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Acc Chem Res. 2011 Oct 18;44(10):969-78. doi: 10.1021/ar200097k. Epub 2011 Jun 
      15.