PMID- 21801015
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120229
LR  - 20211020
IS  - 1530-8995 (Electronic)
IS  - 1081-0706 (Linking)
VI  - 27
DP  - 2011
TI  - Morphogen gradients: from generation to interpretation.
PG  - 377-407
LID - 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154148 [doi]
AB  - Morphogens are long-range signaling molecules that pattern developing tissues in 
      a concentration-dependent manner. The graded activity of morphogens within 
      tissues exposes cells to different signal levels and leads to region-specific 
      transcriptional responses and cell fates. In its simplest incarnation, a 
      morphogen signal forms a gradient by diffusion from a local source and clearance 
      in surrounding tissues. Responding cells often transduce morphogen levels in a 
      linear fashion, which results in the graded activation of transcriptional 
      effectors. The concentration-dependent expression of morphogen target genes is 
      achieved by their different binding affinities for transcriptional effectors as 
      well as inputs from other transcriptional regulators. Morphogen distribution and 
      interpretation are the result of complex interactions between the morphogen and 
      responding tissues. The response to a morphogen is dependent not simply on 
      morphogen concentration but also on the duration of morphogen exposure and the 
      state of the target cells. In this review, we describe the morphogen concept and 
      discuss the mechanisms that underlie the generation, modulation, and 
      interpretation of morphogen gradients.
FAU - Rogers, Katherine W
AU  - Rogers KW
AD  - Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 
      Massachusetts 02138, USA.
FAU - Schier, Alexander F
AU  - Schier AF
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 GM056211/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
PT  - Review
DEP - 20110729
PL  - United States
TA  - Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol
JT  - Annual review of cell and developmental biology
JID - 9600627
RN  - 0 (Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Body Patterning/*physiology
MH  - Cell Communication/*physiology
MH  - Embryo, Nonmammalian/anatomy & histology/physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*metabolism
MH  - Models, Biological
MH  - Signal Transduction/*physiology
EDAT- 2011/08/02 06:00
MHDA- 2012/03/01 06:00
CRDT- 2011/08/02 06:00
PHST- 2011/08/02 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/08/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/03/01 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154148 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2011;27:377-407. doi: 
      10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154148. Epub 2011 Jul 29.